Aeneas of Gaza was a Christian philosopher and teacher active in the late 5th and early 6th centuries CE. He lived in Gaza, a major cultural center in Palestine during late antiquity. The details of his education are uncertain; some sources suggest he was a student of the Neoplatonist philosopher Hierocles of Alexandria, while others believe he studied under the rhetorician Procopius of Gaza. He was a contemporary of other notable intellectuals from Gaza.

His career took place during a period of intense debate between Christian theology and traditional Greek philosophy, particularly Neoplatonism. As a Christian thinker, he directly engaged with these philosophical schools to defend his faith.

Two of his works survive complete. The most important is Theophrastus, a philosophical dialogue written in the style of Plato. It stages a conversation where Christian characters argue against key Neoplatonic ideas, such as the belief that the world is eternal and that souls are reincarnated. Instead, Aeneas defends the Christian doctrines of creation from nothing and the bodily resurrection. He also left a collection of 25 letters, which offer a window into the social and intellectual life of his time.

According to modern scholars, Aeneas of Gaza is a significant figure because he represents an early and systematic effort to use classical philosophical methods and forms to articulate Christian theology. His work is seen as a bridge between late antique Neoplatonism and later Christian philosophy.