Anatolius of Alexandria was a Christian scholar, mathematician, and bishop in the late 3rd century CE. A native of the intellectual capital of Alexandria, he was celebrated for his expertise in arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy. According to ancient sources, he served as the head of the Aristotelian school in his city before becoming a bishop, first in Caesarea and later in Laodicea in Syria. His career shows how classical education and Christian leadership were combined during this period.

Only one of his works survives, a treatise titled On the Decade and the Numbers Within It. It examines the properties of the numbers one through ten. This work is preserved not as a complete text, but within a later compilation known as the Theologumena Arithmeticae. According to modern scholars, the treatise blends mathematical theory with philosophical and theological symbolism, reflecting the Neopythagorean interests of the time. His other writings, mentioned by ancient historians, are lost.

Anatolius is a significant figure for understanding the transmission of Greek knowledge into the early Christian world. As a bishop who was also a professional philosopher and mathematician, he represents a key channel through which classical learning was preserved and adapted. His surviving work provides a direct glimpse into how number theory was used for both scientific and symbolic purposes in late antiquity.