Andronicus of Rhodes was a Greek philosopher of the 1st century BCE. He served as the head, or scholarch, of the Peripatetic school in Athens, which followed the tradition of Aristotle. His leadership marked a period of revival for the school after a time of decline.

He is most famous for a monumental editorial project. According to ancient sources, the texts of Aristotle and his successor Theophrastus were in a poor and disorganized state. Andronicus is credited with obtaining copies, arranging them systematically by subject, and creating a comprehensive catalogue. This work fundamentally shaped the transmission of Aristotle's writings for later generations. Modern scholars often credit him with establishing the title "Metaphysics" for one of Aristotle's key works, as he placed it "after the Physics" in his edition.

None of Andronicus's own writings survive today. His known works include a lost catalogue of Aristotle's texts and a treatise on how to divide Aristotle's writings. Other works, like a text On Passions or a biography of Aristotle, are attributed to him, but these attributions are considered doubtful or uncertain by scholars.

His historical importance lies almost entirely in his role as an editor and organizer. By rescuing and ordering the Aristotelian corpus, he ensured its survival and sparked a major revival of scholarly interest in Aristotle's philosophy, influencing all subsequent study.