Antyllus was a Greek surgeon who lived during the Roman Imperial period, most likely in the 2nd century CE. His exact birthplace and personal history are unknown. He is considered one of the most important and innovative surgeons of antiquity.

None of his original works survive intact. His writings are known only through extensive quotations preserved by later medical compilers, primarily Oribasius in the 4th century CE, with additional fragments in the works of Aëtius of Amida and Paul of Aegina. The transmitted fragments cover a wide range of surgical and medical topics, including detailed descriptions of procedures for aneurysms, cataracts, tonsillectomy, and hernia operations.

Antyllus is a figure of major significance in the history of surgery. His work demonstrates a high level of practical expertise and contains several operative descriptions that are the first of their kind in the extant medical literature. He is famous for his detailed, two-method operation for aneurysms and early descriptions of procedures like tracheotomy. According to modern scholars, his fragments provide crucial insight into the advanced state of practical surgery in the Roman world. His historical importance is measured by the frequency and respect with which he is cited by later medical writers, who considered him an authoritative source.