The Assumption of Moses is an ancient Jewish text written in the early 1st century CE, during the Roman period. It is a pseudepigraphical work, meaning it is attributed to the biblical figure Moses but was actually composed by an anonymous author. The text is presented as Moses's final prophecy and instructions to his successor, Joshua.

The work is an apocalyptic treatise that survives only in fragments. The primary source is a single, incomplete 6th-century Latin manuscript. According to modern scholars, this Latin text is a translation from a Greek original, which itself was likely translated from a Hebrew or Aramaic source. The manuscript breaks off before its presumed climax, so the actual narrative of Moses's bodily ascent to heaven is missing from the surviving text.

The Assumption of Moses is significant for understanding Jewish thought before the destruction of the Second Temple. It contains a review of history framed as future prophecy, covering events from Moses's time to the author's own era, including the Hellenistic and Hasmonean periods. Its themes of persecution, martyrdom, and divine judgment are characteristic of Jewish apocalyptic literature. The text is also important for the study of lost writings, as it is often discussed in relation to another lost work known as the Testament of Moses.