Eudemus of Rhodes was a Greek philosopher of the 4th century BCE and a leading student of Aristotle. He was a core member of the early Peripatetic school, founded by Aristotle. After his teacher's death, Eudemus returned to his native Rhodes and established his own philosophical school. Ancient sources indicate he was considered a potential successor to lead Aristotle's Lyceum, though another student, Theophrastus, was chosen.

None of Eudemus's own writings survive complete. His significance comes from his role in preserving and continuing Aristotle's work. He is credited with several major treatises known only through fragments quoted by later authors. These included works on ethics, physics, and logic that closely followed Aristotle's models. A work on ethics bearing his name, the Eudemian Ethics, is preserved within the Aristotelian corpus, though its exact authorship and relationship to Aristotle's own Nicomachean Ethics are subjects of scholarly debate.

His most original contribution was as a pioneering historian of science. He wrote a History of Geometry and a History of Astronomy, which are among the earliest known works of their kind. These texts recorded the discoveries of earlier mathematicians and astronomers, such as the Pythagoreans, and became invaluable sources for later scholars. According to modern academics, Eudemus serves as a vital link between Aristotle's school and later traditions, both for his authoritative versions of Aristotelian philosophy and for his unique effort to document the progress of scientific thought.