Homer is the traditional name for the poet or poets of the foundational Greek epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey. He is placed in the Archaic period, but the exact dates of his life are unknown. Modern scholars generally date the composition of the poems to the 8th or 7th century BCE. Ancient biographies are largely legendary, with some traditions claiming he was from Ionia or that he was blind, but these details are not reliable historical facts. According to modern scholarship, the poems are the result of a long process of oral composition and transmission before being written down.

The core works attributed to Homer are the Iliad, which focuses on the wrath of the hero Achilles during the Trojan War, and the Odyssey, which recounts the long journey home of the hero Odysseus. Other poems, like the Homeric Hymns, were attributed to him in antiquity but are now considered the work of various later poets.

Homer's significance is immense. His epics were the central educational texts of ancient Greece, forming the basis of Greek cultural identity, ethics, and mythology. They established the core conventions of the epic genre. The poems were so influential that philosophers like Plato debated their moral and theological impact. Homer's work served as the primary model for later epic poets throughout Western literature, from Virgil to Milton.