The "Homer Commentary" refers not to a single author but to a vast tradition of ancient scholarly work on the poems of Homer, primarily the Iliad and Odyssey. This tradition flourished from the Hellenistic period (3rd century BCE) through Late Antiquity (up to the 6th century CE). The scholars involved were grammarians and philologists, often working at major centers of learning like the Library of Alexandria, and later in Rome, Athens, and Gaza. Their role was fundamentally educational, aimed at preserving and explaining the Homeric texts, which formed the cornerstone of Greek education.

The works produced are a layered collection of exegesis known as the Homeric Scholia. These are the marginal notes found in medieval manuscripts that compile fragments from many earlier, now-lost commentaries. Key figures in this tradition include Zenodotus of Ephesus, Aristophanes of Byzantium, and the highly influential Aristarchus of Samothrace, all from the early Alexandrian period. Later contributors like Didymus Chalcenterus, Aristonicus, and the philosopher Porphyry continued and adapted the work. With the exception of some of Porphyry's writings, the original commentaries are lost and are known almost entirely through these later scholia.

According to modern scholars, the significance of this commentary tradition is profound. It represents the origin of Western textual criticism and literary analysis, establishing methods for editing, interpreting, and explaining texts. The scholia preserve a wide range of ancient knowledge, from grammar and mythology to early literary criticism. In Late Antiquity, the tradition evolved, with Neoplatonic thinkers like Porphyry interpreting Homer allegorically for philosophical and theological insights. This ongoing scholarly engagement ensured Homer's central place in education and was crucial for preserving the poems themselves for later generations.