The work known as the Menander and Philistion Comparison is a text from the Late Antique period, likely composed between the 1st and 4th centuries CE. The identity of its author or compiler is unknown. The title suggests it is a philosophical text that compares two figures: Menander, often identified as a rhetorician, and Philistion, known as a comic poet. Both were traditionally associated with collections of wise sayings, or gnomai.

The work is classified as a dialogue, which is an unusual format for a simple collection of maxims. This has led some scholars to suggest it may represent a more structured philosophical discussion comparing the thoughts and styles of the two authors. According to modern scholars, such a text would fit within a common late antique tradition of compiling and comparing the sayings of famous figures for educational or ethical purposes. The pairing of a rhetorician and a poet implies an interest in contrasting ethical content or literary style across different genres.

Very little specific information about the content of this dialogue survives. The available sources indicate it is a minor and poorly attested text, and its full significance remains unclear. It represents a curious example of how philosophical and literary traditions were studied and compared in the later centuries of the classical world.