Priscian of Caesarea was a Neoplatonic philosopher active in the late 5th and early 6th centuries CE. He was a contemporary of Damascius, the last head of the Platonic Academy in Athens. According to modern scholars, Priscian was part of a group of pagan philosophers who left the Roman Empire and sought refuge at the court of the Persian Sasanian king Khosrow I, though the precise details of this journey are debated.

His one surviving work is a treatise often called Answers to King Khosroes. It is a paraphrase and commentary on a lost work, On the Soul, by the ancient philosopher Theophrastus. Priscian framed it as a response to questions from King Khosrow.

Priscian is a significant figure for understanding the final phase of pagan Greek philosophy. His work is a valuable source for reconstructing the lost ideas of Theophrastus. It also provides insight into how late Neoplatonists interpreted earlier Aristotelian psychology. His life illustrates the intellectual exchanges between Greek philosophers and the Persian court during a period of major political and religious change in late antiquity.