Serapion of Antioch was a Christian bishop and theologian who lived in the late second and early third centuries CE. He served as the eighth bishop of Antioch, a major center of early Christianity, likely between approximately 190 and 211 CE. Historical records describe him as a prominent figure known for his personal character.

His primary historical importance stems from his role in defining early Christian scripture. He is most famous for his critical examination of the Gospel of Peter. According to accounts, Serapion initially allowed this text to be read in worship but later banned it after determining it promoted heretical ideas. He wrote a treatise refuting it, titled Concerning the So-Called Gospel of Peter. This incident is seen by modern scholars as a significant early example of a church authority applying doctrinal tests to shape the New Testament canon. Serapion was also involved in controversies against other movements, such as Montanism, through letters and rulings.

Very little of Serapion's own writing survives today; our knowledge of him comes mainly from later historians. However, his documented decisions mark him as an active figure in the early Church's efforts to establish orthodox doctrine and determine which texts were considered authoritative for Christian faith and practice.